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ARB Experiences Stories that document our collective journey. It should be noted that this guide is not intended to be used for performing this procedure on a patient. Instead, it is aimed at informing medical students in preparation for exams. A lumbar puncture is an invasive test designed to access the subarachnoid space in the lower spinal canal. The brain and spinal cord are covered by three layers of meninges- the dura, arachnoid, and pia mater Figure 1.

The subarachnoid space lies between the arachnoid and pia mater and contains a solution called cerebrospinal fluid CSF. CSF is a clear, colourless fluid that provides lubrication around the spinal cord, maintains intracranial pressure, acts as a mechanical shock absorber and transports various metabolic products.

The human body contains approximately ml of CSF. As you can see below, the subarachnoid space lies close to the ventral and dorsal columns of the spinal cord, therefore anatomical spatial awareness is crucial to performing a safe and accurate lumbar puncture. Performing a lumbar puncture in a patient with any of the following problems may be contraindicated and in rare circumstances can lead to life-threatening complications.

In any of the above circumstances, imaging with CT or MRI should be undertaken before consideration of lumbar puncture. Gather the appropriate equipment to perform a lumbar puncture these often come as a sterile lumbar puncture set in many hospitals :. Introduce yourself to the patient including your name and role. There are some complications that can be associated with performing a lumbar puncture, some of the more common things include a headache and some bruising of the skin after the procedure.

There are some rare but much more serious complications, which include damage to nerves resulting in pain and weakness in the legs and also infection. Ask the patient if they have any pain before continuing with the clinical procedure. Position the patient lying on their side in a fetal position : ask the patient to flex forwards whilst bringing their knees up towards their chest. Clean the insertion site and the surrounding area thoroughly using chlorhexidine solution and allow to dry.

Draw up the local anaesthetic and then replace the drawing needle with a new one for the injection. Inject local anaesthesia around the site and allow time for it to take effect at least a few minutes. It is important to warn the patient that this will sting initially but then should quickly go numb. If the patient is unable to feel the sharp sensation you should proceed with performing the lumbar puncture. Advance the lumbar puncture needle through the insertion site slowly , tilted slightly cranially.

The bevel of the needle should face laterally as you insert it. If using an atraumatic needle, you first insert the short introducer needle and then insert the longer atraumatic needle through this.

The needle passes through the following layers before it reaches the subarachnoid space:. If there is no CSF flowing through the needle, try withdrawing the needle very slightly and rotating the bevel of the needle to face cranially.

Once CSF is flowing through the lumbar puncture needle, you can measure the opening pressure by attaching a manometer and recording at what level the meniscus of the CSF settles at.

Measurement of opening pressure does not need to be performed routinely.



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